Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kurt Riitters Publication_Date: 200212 Title: Classification of Forest Fragmentation in North America Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: Description: Abstract: This data set is a grid map of North America including the Caribbean and most of Mexico. The data set is an excerpt from a global assessment of forest fragmentation (Riitters et al., 2000). Each pixel value represents an index of forest fragmentation for the surrounding 81 sq. km. The data set was created by applying spatial algorithms to a 1 sq. km. resolution map of global land cover (Loveland and Belward 1997) known as NAIGBP1_2L, obtained from the USGS EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) as part of the Global Land Cover Characteristics database (GLCC)(Loveland et al. 1991, 1999). One of six categories of fragmentation was identified for each forested pixel in North America from the amount of forest and its occurrence as adjacent forest pixels within a 9x9 pixel (81 sq. km.) window surrounding the pixel on the original land-cover map. The data set describes one aspect of forest fragmentation at one scale. The forest fragmentation index is designed to distinguish among types of fragmentation (e.g., edges on the interior versus the exterior of a forest patch) and it also reflects differences in the absolute amount of forest present. However, no distinction was drawn between "natural" and "human-caused" fragmentation. The data available through the National Atlas of the United States are in GeoTIFF format. This is a revised version of the May 2002 data set, with a corrected shoreline for Greenland. This data set was previously distributed as the Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America. Purpose: These data were originally created as part of a global analysis of forest fragmentation and other land-cover patterns based on digital land-cover maps derived from remote sensing and produced by the Global Land Cover Characteristics project. The map portrays continental patterns at relatively coarse scale and is considered a first step towards quantifying forest fragmentation and its potential impacts on biodiversity at landscape-scale levels of biological organization. No responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data. Supplemental_Information: The primary data source for the underlying GLCC land-cover maps is AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) satellite imagery from the early 1990's. Additional information about the GLCC is available at: . In the online, interactive National Atlas of the United States, these data are grouped into 8 classes for display purposes - six fragmentation categories, water, and unlabeled land area (non-forest). The grid was converted into a TIFF file for display purposes. The following lookup table describes the fragmentation classes in the display TIFF image: >Index >value Meaning Color RGB values >----------------------------------------------------------- >0 water light blue 132 193 255 >1 edge orange 255 110 0 >2 undetermined light green 129 255 129 >3 perforated yellow 255 255 0 >4 interior dark green 0 185 92 >5 patch dark blue 20 0 200 >6 transitional light purple 154 64 254 >7 unlabeled land area light gray 230 230 230 > Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1992 Ending_Date: 1993 Currentness_Reference: Dates of satellite imagery. Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 166 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -4 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 83 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 15 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Biodiversity Theme_Keyword: Land cover Theme_Keyword: Forest Theme_Keyword: Fragmentation Theme_Keyword: Landscape Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: USA Place_Keyword: Canada Place_Keyword: Mexico Place_Keyword: North America Place_Keyword: Cuba Place_Keyword: Caribbean Place_Keyword: Puerto Rico Place_Keyword: U.S. Virgin Islands Place_Keyword: Virgin Islands Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the Identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the Outlying Areas of The United States, and Associated Areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Place_Keyword: Alabama Place_Keyword: Alaska Place_Keyword: Arizona Place_Keyword: Arkansas Place_Keyword: California Place_Keyword: Colorado Place_Keyword: Connecticut Place_Keyword: Delaware Place_Keyword: District of Columbia Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: Georgia Place_Keyword: Hawaii Place_Keyword: Idaho Place_Keyword: Illinois Place_Keyword: Indiana Place_Keyword: Iowa Place_Keyword: Kansas Place_Keyword: Kentucky Place_Keyword: Louisiana Place_Keyword: Maine Place_Keyword: Maryland Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: Michigan Place_Keyword: Minnesota Place_Keyword: Mississippi Place_Keyword: Missouri Place_Keyword: Montana Place_Keyword: Nebraska Place_Keyword: Nevada Place_Keyword: New Hampshire Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: New Mexico Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Carolina Place_Keyword: North Dakota Place_Keyword: Ohio Place_Keyword: Oklahoma Place_Keyword: Oregon Place_Keyword: Pennsylvania Place_Keyword: Rhode Island Place_Keyword: South Carolina Place_Keyword: South Dakota Place_Keyword: Tennessee Place_Keyword: Texas Place_Keyword: Utah Place_Keyword: Vermont Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: West Virginia Place_Keyword: Wisconsin Place_Keyword: Wyoming Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None. Acknowledgment of the National Atlas of the United States of America and (or) the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kurt Riitters Contact_Organization: U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical address Address: 3041 Cornwallis Road City: Research Triangle Park State_or_Province: NC Postal_Code: 27709 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 919-549-4015 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kriitters@fs.fed.us Data_Set_Credit: The basic data from which this map was derived were provided by the EROS Data Center, Global Land Cover Characteristics Project. Cooperators included the US Geological Survey, the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The effort is part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System Pathfinder Program. Funding for the project was provided by the USGS, NASA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and the United Nations Environment Programme. Native_Data_Set_Environment: These data are presently stored in grid format, ESRI Arc/INFO version 7.2.1 running under SunOS 5.6. The data available through the National Atlas of the United States are in GeoTIFF format. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Tim Wade Publication_Date: 200402 Title: Causes of Fragmentation in the United States – 270 Meter Resolution Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Tim Wade Publication_Date: 200402 Title: Causes of Forest Fragmentation in the United States – 540 Meter Resolution Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Tim Wade Publication_Date: 200402 Title: Causes of Forest Fragmentation in the United States – 1 Kilometer Resolution Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: There is no information available about the thematic accuracy of the fragmentation index at the scale at which it is measured. Based on similar maps prepared from 30-meter resolution land-cover maps for the United States, the North America map does a reasonable job of portraying regional patterns. The statistical accuracy can be gauged in part because the index is calculated from two proportions that are measured in the analysis window - the proportion of pixels that are forest, and the proportion of adjacent pixel pairs that are both forest. The window was 9x9 pixels in size, or 81 pixels total, which is close to the minimum needed by a statistical rule of thumb that 50 observations are needed to reliably estimate a proportion. The actual number of observations in a window was often less than 50 because "water" was considered to be a missing value (and hence didn't contribute to apparent fragmentation). The index is just one of many that could have been used to quantify "forest fragmentation"; for a discussion of the relative strengths and weaknesses of various indices, please consult a standard textbook on quantitative landscape ecology. The fragmentation index is best interpreted as a relative value in comparison to other places on the same map. Comparisons with other maps prepared from different data sources or at different scales are tenuous. Logical_Consistency_Report: All cell values are in the range [0,7]. Zero represents ocean or other water, and 7 represents unlabeled land area. Completeness_Report: Every cell identified as forest in the original land cover map potentially has a value representing the fragmentation index. Some regions (coastal) may have missing values as a result of reprojecting the fragmentation map to a standard projection and clipping to a mask. Other regions (e.g., islands within large inland water bodies) may have missing values as a result of there being too few non-water pixels in the analysis window to provide a valid value. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The positional accuracy of the forest fragmentation map is the same as the positional accuracy of the map from which the forest fragmentation map was derived. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 1998 Title: GLCC map of IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) Land Cover for North America, Version 1.2L. Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD Publisher: EROS Data Center Other_Citation_Details: The procedures used in development of this map are described in: Loveland, T.R., Merchant, J.W., Ohlen, D.O., Brown, J.F., 1991, Development of a Land-Cover Characteristics Database for the Conterminous U.S., Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57:1453-1463. Additional information is contained in: Loveland, T.R. and Belward, A.S., 1997, The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set, DISCover First Results, International Journal of Remote Sensing 18:3289-3295. Additional information is contained in: Loveland, T.R., Reed, B.C., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D.O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L., and Merchant, J.W., 2000, Development of a Global Land Cover Characteristics Database and IGBP DISCover from 1-km AVHRR Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 21, no. 6/7, p. 1,303-1,330. Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1992 Ending_Date: 1993 Source_Currentness_Reference: Dates of satellite imagery. Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NA_IGBP Source_Contribution: Land cover map (IGBP Land Cover legend) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Riitters, K.H. Originator: Wickham, J.D. Originator: O'Neill, R.V. Originator: Jones, K.B. Originator: Smith, E.R Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Global Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation Other_Citation_Details: The derivation of the fragmentation index is described in: Riitters, K.H., Wickham, J.D., O'Neill, R.V., Jones, K.B., and Smith, E.R., 2000. Global Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation. Conservation Ecology 4(2):3. Online_Linkage: Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2000 Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GSPFF Source_Contribution: Derivation and description of fragmentation index. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kurt Riitters Publication_Date: 2000 Title: North America Forest Fragmentation Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Raleigh, NC Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: Internal file Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2000 Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NACL_9 Source_Contribution: Source file for fragmentation image. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 1999 Title: North America Land/Water Mask Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: ftp site Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1999 Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GRDMSKI Source_Contribution: Shoreline information Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kurt Riitters Publication_Date: 200004 Title: Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1992 Ending_Date: 1993 Source_Currentness_Reference: Dates of satellite imagery. Source_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE2000 Source_Contribution: Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America TIFF image. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 200205 Title: North America Land/Water Mask Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: ftp site Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 200205 Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GRDMSKI_UPDATE Source_Contribution: Shoreline information Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kurt Riitters Publication_Date: 200205 Title: Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1973 Ending_Date: 200111 Source_Currentness_Reference: Ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE200205 Source_Contribution: Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America TIFF image. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Imagery and Mapping Agency Publication_Date: 1990 Title: World Vector Shoreline Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Bethesda, MD Publisher: National Imagery and Mapping Agency Online_Linkage: Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1990 Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WVS Source_Contribution: Shoreline information. Process_Step: Process_Description: Derivation of forest fragmentation map from land-cover map: Land-cover data (NA_IGBP) was obtained from EROS Data Center in band sequential (bsq) format. The header was created using metadata for NA_IGBP and the format was converted to an in-house format using an in-house software tool named BSQ2TVA.C. The map was subdivided into four overlapping rectangles using an in-house software tool named SPLITTER.C. The rectangles overlapped to avoid artifacts near image boundaries during subsequent spatial filtering operations. The in-house spatial filtering program SPATCONV.C was used to process each of the four rectangles, to measure the proportion of forest and the connectivity of forest, within 9x9-pixel windows centered on each forest pixel. The proportion-of-forest data and the connectivity-of- forest data were combined in a GIS to estimate the forest fragmentation index (described in GSPFF). The procedure is briefly described as follows: First, the land-cover map was condensed to just three classes - forest (IGBP codes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), water (IGBP codes 15, 17), and other (the remaining IGBP codes). The forest class does not include woody savannas and savannas (IGBP codes 8, 9) that are often considered to be forest by international standards, because each pixel contained less than 60% forest cover. The water class was considered to be missing data. Next, a proportion of forest value (Pf) was determined for each pixel by calculating the proportion of forest pixels in the 9x9-pixel window centered on the subject pixel. Water pixels were excluded from the calculation. Also, a connectivity of forest value (Pff) was determined for each forested pixel by calculating the proportion of adjacent pixel pairs that were both forest, given that at least one of a pair was forest, for pixel pairs within a 9x9-pixel window centered on the subject pixel. "Adjacent pixels" were defined as being in cardinal directions only, and water pixels were excluded from the calculation. Pff (roughly) estimates the probability that, given a pixel of forest, its neighbor is also forest. Forest connectivity is higher for larger values of Pff. The intermediate indices (Pf and Pff) are continuous variables and range from zero to one. The calculated values were discretized to the range [1,255] and stored at one-kilometer spatial resolution. The transformation used to discretize the values was: >D = (C * 254) + 1 >where >D = discretized value in range [1,255] >C = calculated value of Pf or Pff in range [0,1] The four rectangles of Pf and the four rectangles of Pff were exported in an in-house format and reassembled into two single images via an in-house software tool named LUMPER.C, which removed the overlapping parts of the rectangles. The in-house software tool TVA2BSQ.C was then used to convert the format to bsq and the resulting files were imported into Arc/INFO by using the command IMAGEGRID. Standard GIS overlay and analysis techniques were then used to evaluate the values of Pf and Pff for each forested pixel and assign a fragmentation index value. The classification model identifies six fragmentation categories: >(1) edge, if Pf > 0.6 and Pf - Pff < 0 >(2) undetermined, if Pf > 0.6 and Pf = Pff >(3) perforated, if Pf > 0.6 and Pf - Pff > 0 >(4) interior, if Pf = 1.0 >(5) patch, if Pf < 0.4 >(6) transitional, if 0.4 < Pf < 0.6 The calculated values were stored at one-kilometer spatial resolution. Thus, a pixel value in this data represents the forest fragmentation index within the surrounding 81 sq. km. on the original land-cover map. The focus of the analysis is on the forest fragmentation context for individual forest pixels (as opposed to the forest fragmentation status of all possible analysis windows in the continent). Therefore, the forest fragmentation index grid was masked such that any land pixel that was not forest (IGBP codes 1,2,3,4,5) was assigned an index value of 7 (seven) to indicate unlabeled land area. The georeferencing did not change as a result of reformatting, exporting, importing, or spatial filtering. The derived map is comparable on a pixel-by-pixel basis to the original land-cover map. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NA_IGBP Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GSPFF Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: NACL_9 Process_Date: 1999 Process_Step: Process_Description: The derived fragmentation map (NACL_9) was projected to the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection, using the Arc/INFO command PROJECT. This projection is the standard projection used for image files in the National Atlas of the United States. The only difference between the original forest fragmentation map projection and the National Atlas projection is the latitude of the projection center, which is 50 degrees 0' 0" in the original map, compared to 45 degrees 0' 0" in the National Atlas. The image was clipped to the study area using the shoreline file (GRDMSKI), and the land areas without data were added. The clip was done in Arc/INFO GRID by setting the mask and analysis window (SETMASK and SETWINDOW) to a 1000-m gridded version of GRDMSKI, and overlaying. The resulting map was visually inspected, then exported using the Arc/INFO command GRIDIMAGE with the options set to 'grid, tif, no compression'. Two files were created during the conversion, the TIFF image and a world file (.tfw extension) containing real-world coordinate transformation information. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GRDMSKI Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NACL_9 Process_Date: 2000 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE2000 Process_Step: Process_Description: Coastlines in Canada, Mexico, Russia, and in the Caribbean were corrected. A GeoTIFF Revision 1.0 header was added and PackBits compression was applied to the image. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE2000 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GRDMSKI_UPDATE Process_Date: 200205 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE200205 Process_Step: Process_Description: The coastline of Greenland was replaced by a new, corrected version derived from World Vector Shoreline (WVS). This image contains no thematic data for Greenland; the new data were inserted only to maintain consistency with other National Atlas data layers. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: FOREST_IMAGE200205 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: WVS Process_Date: 200212 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 7273 Column_Count: 10366 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area: Longitude_of_Projection_Center: -100.00 Latitude_of_Projection_Center: 45.00 False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1000 Ordinate_Resolution: 1000 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: None Ellipsoid_Name: Sphere Semi-major_Axis: 6370997.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 1.0 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Forest fragmentation grid cell Entity_Type_Definition: Any of the data elements in the forest fragmentation file. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: Forest fragmentation grid cell value Attribute_Definition: The value is a coarse-scale measure of forest fragmentation in the area surrounding the grid cell. Fragmentation is described by six classes. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Edge - most of the cells in the surrounding area are forested and this cell appears to be part of the outside edge of a forest patch. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Undetermined - most of the cells in the surrounding area are forested but this cell could not be classified as to the type of fragmentation in the surrounding area. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 3 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Perforated - most of the cells in the surrounding area are forested and this cell appears to be part of an inside edge of a forest patch. In other words, this cell is near a non-forest inclusion within a forest patch. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 4 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Interior - all of the cells in the surrounding area are labeled as forest in the land-cover map. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 5 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Patch - most of the cells in the surrounding area are not forested and this cell is part of a forest inclusion or patch of forest on a non-forest background. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 6 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Transitional - about half of the cells in the surrounding area are forested and this cell may appear to be part of a patch, edge, or perforation depending on the local forest pattern. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 7 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Unlabeled land area Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Earth Science Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing address Address: 507 National Center City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-5920 Contact_Instructions: In addition to the address above there are other ESIC offices throughout the country. A full list of these offices is at . Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey regarding the utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: Digital_Transfer_Option: Offline_Option: Offline_Media: CD-ROM Recording_Format: tar Fees: There is no charge for the online option. For National Atlas files ordered on CD-ROM there is a base price of $45 per disc, a handling fee of $5, and a per-file charge based on file size. The charge for files less than 10 megabytes in size is $1. The charge for files that range in size from 10 to 150 megabytes is $7.50. The charge for files of 150 megabytes or larger is $15. The charge is $1.00 for the Classification of Forest Fragmentation in North America data set. Ordering_Instructions: To order files on CD-ROM, please see . Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20040209 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peg Rawson Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing address Address: 561 National Center City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-4183 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: atlasmail@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None